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Fort Rotterdam is a 17th-century fort in Makassar on the island of Sulawesi in Indonesia. It is a Dutch fort built on top of an existing fort of the Gowa Kingdom. The original fort, ''Jum Pandan'', gave its name to the city Ujung Pandang, another name for the city of Makassar. ==History== Before Fort Rotterdam there was a fort in the same spot which was built by the 10th ''karaeng'' (ruler) of Gowa Kingdom Tunipalangga with the assistance of the Portuguese in 1545. The fort was named ''Jum Pandan'', from which the name "Ujung Pandang" derives, after the pandanus trees growing in the vicinity. It has a sea turtle like shape, a sea turtle being a symbol of the Makassar people who live on land but make living on the sea. The turtle shape also gave the fort the nickname ''"Benteng Penyu"'' ("sea-turtle fort"). This fort was originally in the form of an earthen enclosure. In 1634, following the order of 14th Sultan Alauddin, the earthen rampart was strengthened with stones taken from the karst mountain in Maros. In 1667, following Bungaya Treaty, Fort Jum Pandan was enlarged by Dutch admiral Cornelis Speelman to become the center of Dutch colonial power in Sulawesi. It was renamed Fort Rotterdam after Speelman's place of birth. The stone for the construction of the fort was taken from the karst mountains in Maros, the limestone from Selayar and the woods from Tanete and Bantaeng. Following the Java War (1825–1830), Javanese prince, and now national hero, Diponegoro was imprisoned in the fort following his exile to Makassar in 1830 until his death in 1855. It was also used as a Japanese prisoner of war camp in World War II. Fort Rotterdam remained the regional Dutch military and governmental headquarters until 1930s. After 1937, the fort was no longer used as a defense. During the brief Japanese occupation it was used for conducting scientific research in the field of linguistics and agriculture, after which it fell into disrepair. In the 1970s, the fort was extensively restored. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Fort Rotterdam」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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